Most Australian councils currently have climate adaptation plans, though there is no uniformity in the way adaptation actions have been planned, implemented or monitored. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an important step in climate adaptation decision-making and is an ongoing process.   M&E is not straightforward as adaptation actions can range from being simple initiatives to complex inter-related actions. The main challenges in M&E include: attributing a benefit to a specific adaptation action, manage uncertainty in climatic impacts especially at the local level, unavailability of common metrics and baselines, multiple/varying foci of projects (e.g. projects focussing on multiple issues such as adaptation and mitigation or climatic impacts and non-climatic priorities; projects with different adaptation framing) and the assessment of adaptation initiatives with long term benefits, but planned within short to medium term evaluation cycles. This paper demonstrates monitoring and evaluation with the help of a few case study examples and covers i) adaptation projects at the council level (before and after implementation of a project); ii) adaptation projects/programmes with multiple objectives at various scales (e.g. mitigation objectives, other developmental objectives) and iii) adaptation projects that use different methods for valuation (e.g. cost benefit analysis, quadruple bottom line/triple bottom line assessment).