Background: Dengue fever is an important climate-sensitive disease that poses a risk to half the world’s population. This study aims to gauge health professionals’ perceptions about the capacity of infectious disease control to meet the challenge of dengue fever in the face of climate change in Guangdong. Methods: A survey was administered among staff in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data analysis was undertaken using descriptive methods and logistic regression. Results: In total, 260 questionnaires were completed. Most respondents (80.7%) thought climate change would have a negative effect on population health, and 98.4% of respondents reported dengue fever had emerged or re-emerged in China. Additionally, 74.9% of respondents indicated that the capability of the CDCs to detect a disease outbreak was excellent; 86.3% indicated laboratories could provide diagnostic support rapidly; and 83.1% believed levels of current staff would be adequate in the event of a major outbreak. Logistic regression analysis showed higher levels of CDCs had better capacity for infectious disease control. Most participants suggested the following strategies to curb the public health impact of dengue fever: primary prevention measures, strengthening the monitoring of infectious diseases, the ability to actively forecast disease outbreaks, and public health education programs. Conclusion: Vigilant disease and vector surveillance, preventive practice and health promotion programs will be significant in addressing dengue fever. Further efforts are needed to strengthen the awareness of climate change, and to promote relevant actions to minimize the health burden of infectious diseases in a changing climate.